Plato

Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza ( 1632-1677)

Dutch philosopher who abandoned Judaism for a rationalistic

pantheism that owed much to Descartes.

He taught that all that we know, mind and matter, is a manifestation of the

all-embracing substance that is God, good and evil being relative.

His Ethics (1677) is his chiefwork.

He was persecuted by his former co-religionists.

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